Detection and treatment of pregnancy complications

ABSTRACT

Disclosed herein is a method of of identifying and/or addressing incipient preeclampsia in a patient-subject by the steps of by the steps of (a) performing a bioassay to determine the level of at least one sialyl Lewis antigen in a said patient- subject at about 25 weeks of pregnancy or earlier; (b) performing a bioassay to determine the level of at least one sialyl Lewis antigen in a pregnant non-preeclampsia one or more subjects at about 30 weeks of pregnancy or later, wherein said at least one sialyl Lewis antigen assay is for a sialyl Lewis antigen assayed in step (a) is and if more than one subject is assayed, averaging said results; and (c) managing said patient-subject for preeclampsia, if said level of at least one sialyl Lewis antigen of step (a) is at or greater than about 20% above the level of such silalyl Lewis antigen assayed in step (b).

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a method of identifying and/or addressing incipient preeclampsia in a patient-subject by the steps of by the steps of (a) performing a bioassay to determine the level of at least one sialyl Lewis antigen in a said patient-subject at about 25 weeks of pregnancy or earlier; (b) performing a bioassay to determine the level of at least one sialyl Lewis antigen in a pregnant non-preeclampsia one or more subjects at about 30 weeks of pregnancy or later, wherein said at least one sialyl Lewis antigen assay is for a sialyl Lewis antigen assayed in step (a) is and if more than one subject is assayed, averaging said results; and (c) managing said patient-subject for preeclampsia, if said level of at least one sialyl Lewis antigen of step (a) is at or greater than about 20% above the level of such silalyl Lewis antigen assayed in step (b).

Particular reference is made to sialyl Lewis type antigens on glycoproteins. Also noted are assays performed in liquid samples. A particular immunoassay is used as diagnostic tool to predict onset of pregnancy complications including preeclampsia and HELLP syndrome (i.e., a group of symptoms that occur in pregnant women characterized by hemolysis , elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count). A further aspect is use of glycoprotein devoid of blood group sialyl Lewis type antigens to rescue, prevent or treat preeclampsia-like symptoms.

BACKGROUND

The following abbreviations are used herein:

BMDC—bone marrow derived dendritic cells

hCG—human chorionic gonadotropin

HhCG—hyperglycosylated hCG

IDO—indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase

IFN-γ—interferon gamma

Tregs—regulatory T cells

Th17—T helper 17 cells

TGF—transforming growth factor

TF—Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen

uNK—natural killer cells

IL-10 Interleukin 10

VEGF C—Vascular endothelial growth factor C

NPS—normal pregnancy serum

PE preeclampsia

PES preeclampsia serum

sEng—soluble endoglin

GPs—gestational pathologies.

Pregnancy is a dynamic process characterized by immune tolerance, angiogenesis and hormonal regulation. Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is reported as detected on the first day of implantation; its levels peak around gestational week 12 and diminish to low levels during the remainder of pregnancy. hCG is believed to exhibit a number of functions in pregnancy, including the promotion of progesterone production, implantation and decidualization, angiogenesis, cytotrophoblast differentiation, and immune cell regulation. With these myriad functions in mind, hCG dysregulation could lead to adverse pregnancy outcomes. Preeclampsia is a condition marked by insufficient trophoblast invasion and maternal spiral artery remodeling and inflammation. Recent studies have reported a link between preeclampsia and immune cell dysregulation, including reduced numbers of uterine and circulating regulatory T cells (Tregs) and natural killer (uNK) cells.

Managing women for preeclampsia is a topic widely addressed in the art. By way of non-limiting example, reference is made to The Diagnosis and Management of Pre-eclampsia and Eclampsia, O'Loughlin et al. (Institute of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, Royal College of Physicians of Ireland (Version 1.0. Guideline No. 3, 2011).

hCG Variants

hCG is composed of α and β subunits each consisting of a protein backbone with N-linked and O-linked oligosaccharides. It is now believed that there are four distinct variants: hCG, hyperglycosylated hCG (HhCG), the free β-subunit, and pituitary hCG. These four can be further modified by partial degradation of the hCG molecule, nicking of the intact β-subunit, or variation of the attached oligosaccharides.

These variants play different roles in both normal and abnormal pregnancy. HhCG, has complex β-subunit N- and O-linked oligosaccharides structural alterations. HhCG is produced early normally during pregnancy; it does not have high affinity to LH/hCG receptors, yet is reported to promote invasion and growth of cytotrophoblasts by interacting with transforming growth factor (TGF) β receptors. After the initial three to four weeks of pregnancy, the levels of HhCG become very low and hCG (non-hyperglycosylated)is usually the predominant form Recent studies have reported additional variants with distinct sialylated oligosaccharides of the Lewis type pattern on hCG isolated from serum of pregnant women. Differential expression of such carbohydrates is associated with inhibition of E-selectin-mediated homing of leukocytes and may contribute to early pregnancy loss through poor placental-immune interactions. Without being bound by any particular theory, it is believed that in the time between placentation and parturition a dynamic structural conversion of one form of hCG to alternate forms of hCG is choreographed. This suggests that impairment or alterations in hCG glycosylation patterns affect its signaling and biological activities.

hCG, Angiogenesis and Immune Tolerance

The maternal-fetal interface is replete with immune cells which cross-talk with hormonal, endocrine, and angiogenic regulators to program a normal pregnancy outcome. Among immune cell types, regulatory T cells a specialized CD4 T cell subset phenotyped as CD4+/CD25+/Foxp3+, play an important role in protecting the fetus by dampening harmful inflammatory immune responses at the maternal-fetal interface. It has been shown in humans that Treg numbers increase very early in pregnancy, peak during the early second trimester and then begin to decline until they reach pre-pregnancy levels. Tregs have also been described as significant in immune tolerance of the fetus in the mouse pregnancy model. Tregs have been described as following a gestational age-dependent presence in the uterus. Animal studies further indicate that tolerance to paternal antigens may be initiated during mating when seminal fluid and components of semen have been shown to trigger expansion of the Treg cell population. Further, it has been reported that Tregs migrate toward areas of hCG production, indicating that in normal pregnancy, these cells may be attracted to hCG produced by trophoblasts at the maternal-fetal interface ensuring immune tolerance of the fetus. However, if hCG undergoes dysregulation during pregnancy, its control over immune tolerance pathways may be impaired.

Interleukin-10 (IL-10) and the tryptophan-metabolizing enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) are two specific immune regulators. Levels of IL-10, an immunosuppressant, reportedly increase in early pregnancy and remain elevated until the onset of labor, possibly regulating maternal immunity and allowing acceptance of the fetal allograft. IL-10 reportedly regulates uNK cell maintenance and curther controls their cytotoxic functions in response to pro-inflammatory challenges during pregnancy. Further, decidual Tregs reportedly inhibit immune stimulation of T cells through IL-10 production. It is believed that the temporal expression of IDO regulates the Tregs and prevents them from being converted to pro-inflammatory Th17 cells. hCG reportedly stimulates IL-10 production of murine BMDC. This same study found that treatment of BMDC with hCG and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) increased IDO mRNA production and enzyme activity.

It is noteworthy that hCG is now considered as an angiogenic factor and thus may regulate an endovascular cross-talk between trophoblasts, endothelial cells, and immune cells represented by uNK cells. In animal studies these specialized cells have been reported as playing a role in spiral artery remodeling and trophoblast invasion. Vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF C) production by uNK cells is responsible for their non-cytotoxic activity, and that VEGF C producing uNK cells support endovascular processes in vitro. It is possible that the tolerogenic phenotype of uterine NK cells during early decidualization is be influenced by hCG through stimulation of the quiescent angiogenic machinery. Recent studies indicate that the uNK cells are indeed influenced by hCG. One study reported that hCG induces proliferation of human uNK cells, by interacting through the mannose receptor rather than the LH/hCG receptor.

hCG and Preeclampsia

Some reports define preeclampsia as hypertension in a previously normotensive pregnant female and proteinuria after 20 weeks of pregnancy (or gestation). Preeclampsia affects 5-10% of all pregnancies and remains a leading cause of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Related gestational pathologies include Intrauterine growth restriction,. eclampsia, gestational hypertension (i.e., hypertension in pregnancy without proteinuria) broadly termed “gestational pathologies” (“GPs”).

Based on clinical presentation, preeclampsia is considered as a late pregnancy disorder. Molecular events leading to its onset seem to occur earlier in pregnancy. Portrayed as a two stage disorder, maternal symptoms of preeclampsia are classified as consequences of pre-clinical placental pathology associated with poor placental perfusion, inflammation, ischemia/hypoxia, and trophoblast damage. Despite the pro-angiogenic role of hCG, little is known about the endovascular interactions of trophoblasts and endothelial cells and its subsequent effects on spiral arteries especially in the presence of different forms of hCG. Recently we reported that injection of preeclampsia serum in pregnant IL-10^(−/−) mice results in hypertension and proteinuria. The treatment also led to a perturbed immune cell population at the maternal-fetal interface. Higher hCG levels in preeclampsia serum at term as compared to normal pregnancy serum has been reported. Several studies have reported a decrease in Treg cell population both in the circulation and in placental bed sections in preeclamptic women as compared to those with normal pregnancy. Since IL-10 and hCG are implicated in normal pregnancy outcome, it is tempting to speculate that deficiency in these molecules may predispose to severe preeclampsia pathology. Animal studies from our lab suggest that IL-10 deficient mice are more sensitive to serum- and hypoxia-induced onset of preeclampsia-like features. All documents cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety as if fully set forth herein.

Reference is made to the following:

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Accuracy By Measuring hCG And Hyperglycosylated hCG Concentrations Equally by Laurence A Cole.

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SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Disclosed herein is a method of determining incipient preeclampsia at an early stage of pregnancy. Early is understood to include from about 20 weeks of pregnancy or earlier, or about 15, weeks or earlier or 10 weeks or earlier. The method comprises the steps of (a) performing a bioassay to determine the level of at least one sialyl Lewis antigen in a said patient- subject at about 25 weeks of pregnancy or earlier;

(b) performing a bioassay to determine the level of at least one sialyl Lewis antigen in a pregnant non-preeclampsia one or more subjects at about 30 weeks of pregnancy or later, wherein said at least one sialyl Lewis antigen assay is for a sialyl Lewis antigen assayed in step (a) is and if more than one subject is assayed, averaging said results;

(c) managing said patient-subject for preeclampsia, if said level of at least one sialyl Lewis antigen of step (a) is at or greater than about 20% above the level of such silalyl Lewis antigen assayed in step (b).

In some embodiments of this method the above noted determination of incipient preeclampsia is made at about at 25 weeks of pregnancy or earlier; about 15 weeks or earlier, 12 to 14 weeks or earlier, at about 10 weeks or earlier and at about 1 week. In some embodiments the determination of step (b) with diagnoses of either pre-eclampsia or non-preeclampsia female is made at about 32 weeks of pregnancy or later.

Also disclosed is a method of determining comparators of a diagnosis of incipient preeclampsia at 20 weeks of pregnancy or earlier by the steps of

(a) determining the level of sialyl Lewis antigen in a female subject with a diagnosis of preeclampsia about 30 weeks of pregnancy or later; and,

(b) determining the level of sialyl Lewis antigen in a pregnant non-preeclampsia female subject at about 30 weeks of pregnancy or later.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a graph of serum and amniotic fluid hCG exhibiting expression of sLex and sLea as compared to urine hCG and hCG secreted in supernatants from choriocarcinoma cells BeWo or Jeg 3.

FIG. 2. is a graph of sialyl Lewis antigen (sLe^(Y), sLe^(a) and sLe^(x)) expression on preeclampsia serum (PES)-hCG as compared to normal pregnancy serum (NPS)-hCG.

FIG. 3 is a graphic quantification of sialyl Lewis antigens in serum.

FIG. 4A are displays fetal size (upper panel) and fetal weights (lower panel).

FIG. 4B presents blood pressure data

FIG. 4 C presents mouse subject proteinuria levels.

FIG. 5A shows renal pathology by H&E staining of the glomerulus

FIG. 5B is a graph of production of sFlt-1.

FIG. 5C is a graph of sEng in pregnant IL-10^(−/−) mice.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

In the practice of this invention it is to be understood that the detection of PE (or related GPs) in instances where the pathology is effectively treated is the detection of precursor indicia before 20 weeks of gestation. For convenience the notation “sLe<20w” is used to denote sialyl Lewis antigen elevation before 20 weeks of pregnancy. In this context, “elevation” will be understood to mean up-regulation or increase of at least about 20% of each of sialyl Lewis antigen alone as compared to the average control of the respective sialyl Lewis antigen antigen, or more than 30% if two sialyl Lewis antigen levels are combined, and 50% increase if three are combined. There are a number of bioassays suitable to determine such levels and other assays are being developed.

The practice of the invention, in one embodiment, is characterized by finding altered carbohydrate patterns, with specific reference to by the excess or elevated presence of sialyl Lewis antigens on preeclampsia hCG as compared to normal pregnancy hCG. Another aspect is the therapeutic use of sialyl Lewis antigen-free hCG in mitigating the symptoms associated with pregnancy complications such as preeclampsia. (Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2012 August; 9(8):893-900. Epub 2012 Jun. 18.)

hCG can rescue pregnancy. Without being bound by any particular theory, in IL-10^(−/−) mice, it is believed that the mode of action is by subverting production of anti-angiogenic factors and by replenishing uterine immune cells. Deglycosylated hCG is not reported as able to bind to mannose receptors on uNK cells, again emphasizing the importance of carbohydrate patterns in the function of hCG. Given the functional associations co-regulated by hCG, IL-10 and Treg migration, dysregulated hCG effects uterine Tregs and contributes to preeclampsia. Particularly noted is therapeutic administration of CG. CH with a less antigenic presentation is useful. This includes recombinant hCG. Intravenous administration is noted. Dosing with recombinant hCG, i.v. from between about 50 I.U. to about 500 I.U with particular reference to dosages between about 100 I.U and 200 I.U. is noted. Prefilled pens for administration of recombinant human chorionic gonadotropin (r-hCG) are available and useful in the practice of this invention.

Example 1 Quantification of Sialyl Lewis Antigens on hCG in Different Biological Fluids

Ninety-six-well microtitre plates (Maxisorp, Nunc) were coated with 50 μl rabbit anti-human hCG antibody (5 μg/ml in PBS, Dako A0231) at 4° C. overnight. The wells were washed three times with PBS, pH 7.2 containing 0.05% Tween 20, blocked for 1 hour with washing buffer containing 1% BSA and washed again three times.

50 μl of pregnancy serum/amniotic fluid/urine/cell culture supernatant samples or hCG (5 μg/ml) were added and incubated for 1.5 hours at room temperature and washed three times. 50 μl of sLe^(x) (Calbiochem, KM93) or sLe^(a) (Calbiochem, KM 231) recognizing antibodies were added at concentration of 1 μg/ml. The wells were incubated for 1.5 hours at room temperature and washed three times. 50 μl of HRP-conjugated rabbit anti-mouse antibody (Dako, PO260) was added to each well, incubated for 1.5 hours, washed three times, developed with DMB and color development was followed by measuring the absorbance at 492 nm/630 nm. Wells without hCG served as controls.

Example 2 Quantification of Sialyl Lewis Antigens from Preeclampsia Serum hCG and Normal Pregnancy Serum hCG

Ninety-six-well microtitre plates (Maxisorp, Nunc) were coated with 50 μl rabbit anti-human hCG antibody (5 μg/ml in PBS, Dako A0231) at 4° C. overnight. The wells were washed three times with PBS, pH 7.2 containing 0.05% Tween 20, blocked for 1 hour with washing buffer containing 1% BSA and washed again three times.

50 μl of human normal (n=15) or preeclampsia diagnosed pregnancy serum (n=14) obtained from blood collected at 32-36 weeks of pregnancy were added and incubated for 1.5 hours at room temperature and washed three times.

50 μl of sLe^(x) (Calbiochem, KM93) or sLe^(a) (Calbiochem, KM 231) or Le^(y) or Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen (Glycotope) recognizing antibodies were added at concentration of 5 μg/ml in PBS. The wells were incubated for 1.5 hours at room temperature and washed three times.

50 μl of HRP-conjugated rabbit anti-mouse antibody (Dako, PO260) was added to each well, incubated for 1.5 hours, washed three times, developed with DMB and color development was followed by measuring the absorbance at 492 nm/630 nm. The mean absorbance obtained with multiple normal pregnancy hCG were considered as 100%.

As seen in the FIG. 2, sialyl Lewis antigen (LeY, sLeA and sLeX) expression is significantly higher on preeclampsia serum (PES)-hCG as compared to normal pregnancy serum (NPS)-hCG. As seen in FIG. 2, there was 21.6% up-regulation of sLe^(a) (P=0.002), 32% up-regulation of sLe^(x) (P=0.019) and 21.6% up-regulation of Le^(Y) in the 32nd-36th week of gestation (P=0.021) in preeclamptic hCG compared to normal pregnancy hCG. The increase in sialyl Lewis antigen expression in PES-hCG was independent of the serum levels of β-hCG.

Example 3 Quantification of Sialyl Lewis Antigens in Serum hCG Collected Before the Onset of Preeclampsia

Ninety-six-well microtitre plates (Maxisorp, Nunc) were coated with 50 μl rabbit anti-human hCG antibody (5 μg/ml in PBS, Dako A0231) at 4° C. overnight. The wells were washed three times with PBS, pH 7.2 containing 0.05% Tween 20, blocked for 1 hour with washing buffer containing 1% BSA and washed again three times.

50 μl of human serum obtained from blood collected at 12-14 weeks of pregnancy who later either went on have normal pregnancy (n=8) or were diagnosed with preeclampsia (n=8) were added and incubated for 1.5 hours at room temperature and washed three times. 50 μl of sLe^(x) (Calbiochem, KM93) or sLe^(a) (Calbiochem, KM 231) or Le^(y) or Thomsen-Friedenreich (TF) antigen (Glycotope) recognizing antibodies were added at concentration of 5 μg/ml in PBS.

The wells were incubated for 1.5 hours at room temperature and washed three times. 50 μl of HRP-conjugated rabbit anti-mouse antibody (Dako, P0260) was added to each well, incubated for 1.5 hours, washed three times, developed with

DMB and color development was followed by measuring the absorbance at 492 nm/630 nm. The mean absorbance obtained with multiple normal pregnancy hCG were considered as 100%.

As seen in the FIG. 3, sialyl Lewis antigen (sLe^(a) and sLe^(x)) expression is significantly elevated on preeclampsia serum (PES)-hCG collected at 12-14 weeks of pregnancy before the clinical diagnosis of disease as compared to normal pregnancy serum (NPS)-hCG. The increase in sialyl Lewis antigen expression in PES-hCG was independent of the serum levels of β-hCG. 11.2% upregulation in SLe^(a) and 22.4% upregulation in SLe^(x) expression in the 10th-12th week of gestation in preeclamptic hCG compared to normal pregnancy hCG. The expression of the TF antigen is not significantly changed in preeclamptic hCG compared to normal control hCG.

Example 4 Rescue of Preeclampsia-Like Features (IUGR, Hypertension and Proteinuria) by Sialyl Lewis Antigen-Free hCG (Functional hCG) in Mouse Model

Pregnant IL-10^(−/−) mice were injected (gestational day 10, i.p) with either normal pregnancy serum (NPS) or PE serum (PES) with or without sialyl Lewis antigen-free hCG (urine or recombinant).

On gestational day 17, blood pressure and fetal weight were recorded. Urinary albumin and creatinine was measured in 24-hour urine samples using commercial ELISA kits. Proteinuria is expressed as a ratio of albumin and creatinine.

As seen in FIG. 4, functional hCG treatment reverses PES-induced intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) (A) as reflected by fetal size (upper panel) and fetal weights (lower panel), hypertension (B), and proteinuria (C) in pregnant IL-10^(−/−) mice. * and ^(a) P<0.05 significance as compared to NPS and PES groups respectively by student's T test

Example 5 Rescue of Preeclampsia-Like Features (Kidney Pathology, Elevated Soluble Flt-1 and Soluble Endoglin) by Sialyl Lewis Antigen-Free hCG (Functional hCG) in Mouse Model

Pregnant IL-10^(−/−) mice were injected (gestational day 10, i.p) with either NPS or PES with or without sialyl Lewis antigen-free hCG (urine or recombinant).

On gestational day 17, blood was collected by cardiac puncture and serum separated. Serum levels of mouse sFlt-1 & sEng were measured using commercial ELISA kits (R&D Systems).

As seen in FIG. 5, functional hCG treatment reverses PES-induced renal pathology as shown by H&E staining of glomerulus (A), and excess production of sFlt-1 (B) and sEng (C) in pregnant IL-10^(−/−) mice. * and ^(a) P<0.05 significance as compared to NPS and PES groups respectively by student's T test

Example 6 Treatment of Pregnant Human with Sialyl Lewis Antigen Elevation Before 20 Weeks of Pregnancy

A 26 year old female presents at 10 weeks of pregnancy. Her serum is tested by the method of Example 2. The test detects sialyl Lewis antigen sLe^(Y) levels above 25% average control normal.

These results are consistent with and predictive of consistent with incipient PE. She is then dosed with recombinant 100 IU hCG, i.v. The pregnancy comes to term without either insufficient trophoblast invasion or marked maternal spiral artery remodeling and inflammation.

Example 7 Treatment of Pregnant Human with Sialyl Lewis Antigen Elevation Before 20 Weeks of Pregnancy

A 26 year old female presents at 10 weeks of pregnancy. Her serum is tested by the method of Example 2. The test detects sialyl Lewis antigen sLe^(Y) level of 18% above average control normal, and sLe^(x) level of 18% above average control normal, and sLe^(a) level of 15% above average control normal, with a combined percentage of over 50% above average control.

These results are consistent with and predictive of incipient PE. She is then managed for preeclampsia. The pregnancy comes to term without either insufficient trophoblast invasion or marked maternal spiral artery remodeling and inflammation. 

1. A method of identifying and/or addressing incipient preeclampsia in a patient-subject by the steps of by the steps of (a) performing a bioassay to determine the level of at least one sialyl Lewis antigen in a said patient-subject at about 25 weeks of pregnancy or earlier; (b) performing a bioassay to determine the level of at least one sialyl Lewis antigen in a pregnant non-preeclampsia one or more subjects at about 30 weeks of pregnancy or later, wherein said at least one sialyl Lewis antigen assay is for a sialyl Lewis antigen assayed in step (a) is and if more than one subject is assayed, averaging said results; and (c) managing said patient-subject for preeclampsia, if said level of at least one sialyl Lewis antigen of step (a) is at or greater than about 20% above the level of such silalyl Lewis antigen assayed in step (b).
 2. The method of claim 1 wherein step (a) is performed at about 20 weeks of pregnancy or earlier.
 3. The method of claim 2 wherein step (a) is performed at about 10 weeks of pregnancy or earlier.
 4. A method of identifying and/or addressing incipient preeclampsia in a patient-subject by the steps of by the steps of (a) performing a bioassay to determine the level of least two or more sialyl Lewis antigens in a said patient-subject at about 25 weeks of pregnancy or earlier; (b) performing a bioassay to determine the level of at least two or more sialyl Lewis antigens of step(a) in a pregnant non-preeclampsia one or more subjects at about 30 weeks of pregnancy or later, wherein said at least two or more sialyl Lewis antigens is for a sialyl Lewis antigen assayed in step (a) is and if more than one subject is assayed, averaging said results as to each antigen separately; (c) managing said patient-subject for preeclampsia, if the sum level of at two or more sialyl Lewis antigens of step (a) is at or greater than about 30% above the level of the sum level of silalyl Lewis antigens assayed in step (b).
 5. The method of step 4 wherein three sialyl Lewis antigens are the subject of the bioassay of step (a) and step (b) wherein step (c) comprises managing said patient-subject for preeclampsia, if the sum level of said three sialyl Lewis antigens of step (a) is at or greater than about 50% above the level of the sum level of the sum of the silalyl Lewis antigens levels assayed in step (b).
 6. A method of determining incipient preeclampsia at 20 weeks of pregnancy or earlier by the steps of (a) performing a bioassay to determine the level of at least one sialyl Lewis antigen in a female subject with a diagnosis of preeclampsia about 30 weeks of pregnancy or later, said result being a first comparator; (b) performing a bioassay to determine the level of said at least one sialyl Lewis antigen of stem (a) in a pregnant non-preeclampsia subject at about 30 weeks of pregnancy or later said result being a second comparator;, (c) performing a bioassay to determine the level of sialyl Lewis antigen in a subject being tested for incipient preeclampsia; and, (d) managing said patient-subject for preeclampsia, if, upon comparing the level of sialyl Lewis antigens of (c) with said first and second comparators, wherein a sialyl Lewis antigen of level closer to the level of (a) than (b) is predictive of incipient preeclampsia. 